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Component primarily utilized for making cushions or mattresses

Retentivity foam consists mainly of polyurethane as well as additional chemicals increasing its viscosity and density. It is ofttimes referred to as "viscoelastic" polyurethane foam, or depression-resilience polyurethane cream (LRPu). The foam bubbles or 'cells' are open, effectively creating a matrix through which air can move. Higher-density memory foam softens in reaction to trunk oestrus, allowing it to mold to a warm body in a few minutes. Newer foams may recover their original shape more quickly.^[ane]

How it works [edit]

Retention foam derives its viscoelastic properties from several furnishings, due to the internal structure of the material. The network effect is the strength working to restore the structure of the foam when information technology is deformed. This effect is generated by the plain-featured porous cloth pushing outwards to restore its construction against an applied pressure. There are 3 effects which piece of work against the network effect: the pneumatic effect, the agglutinative effect, and the relaxation effect. These, combined, finer deadening the regeneration of the original structure of the foam, and allow for applications similar memory foam mattresses. The pneumatic effect is acquired by the time it takes for air to flow into the porous structure of the cream. The adhesive effect, or adhesion, is acquired by the stickiness of the surfaces within the memory cream, which work against decompression, as the internal pores within the retention foam are pressed together by an applied pressure. The relaxation effect is the largest magnitude of the iii forces working against expansion, and is acquired by the memory foam's cloth being near its glass transition temperature. This limits the mobility of the cream's material, forcing whatsoever change to be gradual, slowing the expansion of the cream once the applied pressure has been removed. Since this is temperature-dependent, the temperature at which a memory foam retains its properties is limited. If it is too cold, the retentivity foam will harden. If it is too hot, the retention foam will human action similar conventional foams, easily springing back to its original shape. The underlying physics of this process can be described by polymeric creep.^{[two] [3]}

The pneumatic and adhesive effect are strongly correlated with the size of the pores within memory foam. Smaller pores lead to higher internal surface area and reduced air flow, increasing adhesion and the pneumatic effect respectively. Thus, past changing the cell construction and porosity of the retentiveness foam, the backdrop can exist controlled. Moreover, past using additives in the polymeric fabric of the retention foam, the drinking glass transition temperature can too be modulated, affecting the backdrop of the cream.^[ii]

The mechanical properties of memory foam can impact the comfort of mattresses produced from it. There is also a trade-off betwixt comfort and durability. Sure retentiveness foams may take a more rigid cell structure, leading to a weaker distribution of weight, merely better recovery of the original structure, leading to improved cyclability and durability. Moreover, a more dense cell structure tin can resist the penetration of water vapor, leading to reduced weathering and better immovability and overall appearance.^[iv]

History [edit]

Memory foam was developed in 1966 nether a contract by NASA's Ames Enquiry Center to improve the safe of aircraft cushions. The temperature-sensitive memory foam was initially referred to as "slow spring back cream"; virtually called it "temper foam".^[five] Created by feeding gas into a polymer matrix, the foam has an open-prison cell solid structure that matches pressure against it, even so slowly springs back to its original shape.^[vi]

Subsequently commercialisation of the foam included utilize in both medical equipment such as Ten-ray table pads and sports equipment such every bit American / Canadian football game helmet liners.

When NASA released memory foam to the public domain in the early 1980s, Fagerdala World Foams was ane of the few companies willing to work with the cream, as the manufacturing process remained difficult and unreliable. Their 1991 production, the "Tempur-Pedic Swedish Mattress" eventually led to the mattress and absorber company, Tempur Earth.

Retention foam was afterwards used in medical settings. For case, it was usually used in cases where the patient was required to lie immobile in their bed on a firm mattress for an unhealthy menstruation of fourth dimension. The pressure level on some of their body regions dumb the blood flow to the region, causing pressure sores or gangrene. Retention cream mattresses significantly decreased such events.^[5]

Retention foam was initially too expensive for widespread use, merely became cheaper. Its most common domestic uses are mattresses, pillows, shoes and blankets. It has medical uses, such as wheelchair seat cushions, hospital bed pillows and padding for people suffering long-term hurting or postural problems; for example, a memory foam cervical pillow may alleviate chronic neck pain. Its heat-retaining backdrop may assistance some pain sufferers who find the added warmth helps to decrease the pain.

Gel [edit]

The heat-retaining backdrop can also be a disadvantage when used in mattresses and pillows so in the second generation retention foam, companies began using open jail cell structure to improve breathability. In 2006, the third generation of memory foam was introduced. Gel visco or gel retention foam consists of gel particles fused with visco foam to reduce trapped body heat, speed up spring back time and assistance the mattress experience softer. This technology was originally developed and patented by Peterson Chemic Engineering science,^[vii] and gel mattresses became popular with the release of Serta's iComfort line and Simmons' Beautyrest line in 2011. Gel-infused memory foam was adjacent developed with what were described as "beads" containing the gel which, as a phase-change material, would achieve the desired temperature stabilization or cooling effect by changing from a solid to a liquid "state" inside the capsule. Changing physical states can significantly alter the heat assimilation properties of an element, which is why the technology was applied to memory cream.

Since the evolution of gel memory cream, other materials have been added. Aloe vera, green tea extract and activated charcoal take been combined with the cream to reduce odors and fifty-fifty provide aromatherapy while sleeping. Rayon has been used in woven mattress covers over retentivity cream beds to wick moisture abroad from the body to increase condolement. Phase-alter materials (PCMs) have likewise been used in the covers that are used on retention foam pillows, beds, and mattress pads. Other materials, apart from polyurethane, have also been shown to showroom the properties necessary to brand retention foam. Polyethylene terephthalate is one such polymeric material, which provides certain benefits over polyurethane, such as recyclability, lightness, and thermal insulation.^[8]

Mattresses [edit]

A retentiveness foam mattress is commonly denser than other foam mattresses, making it both more than supportive and heavier. Memory cream mattresses are often sold for college prices than traditional mattresses. Retention foam used in mattresses is commonly manufactured in densities ranging from less than 24kg/1000³ (1.5 lb/ft³) to 128kg/m³ (8 lb/ft³) density. Nearly standard memory foam has a density of 16–80 kg/k³ (ane to 5 lb/ft³). Most bedding, such as topper pads and condolement layers in mattresses, has a density of 48–72 kg/m³ (3 to 4.5 lb/ft^three). High densities such as 85 kg/g³ (v.three lb/ft^three) are used infrequently in mattresses.

The holding of firmness (difficult to soft) of memory cream is used in determining condolement. Compactness is measured by a foam'south indentation forcefulness deflection (IFD) rating. Nonetheless, it is not a complete measurement of a "soft" or "firm" feel. A foam of higher IFD but lower density can feel soft when compressed.

IFD measures the force in newtons (or pounds-force) required to brand a dent 1 inch into a foam sample 500 mm x 500 mm x 100 mm (or 15" x 15" x 4") by a 323 cm³ (l sq in, 8-inch-diameter) disc—known equally IFD @ 25% compression.^[9] IFD ratings for memory foams range between super soft (IFD 10) and semi-rigid (IFD 12). Most retentivity foam mattresses are firm (IFD 12 to IFD 16).

Second and third generation memory foams have an open-cell construction that reacts to body rut and weight by molding to the sleeper's body, helping salve pressure points, preventing pressure sores, etc.^{[10] [ amend source needed ]} Manufacturers merits that this may assistance salve pressure points to salvage hurting and promote more restful sleep, although in that location are no objective studies supporting the claimed benefits of retentivity foam mattresses.^[11]

Retentivity cream mattresses retain body oestrus, so they can exist excessively warm in hot conditions. Notwithstanding, gel-blazon memory foams tend to exist cooler due to their greater breathability.^[12]

Hazards [edit]

Emissions from memory foam mattresses may directly cause more respiratory irritation than other mattresses. Memory cream, like other polyurethane products, can exist combustible.^[13] Laws in several jurisdictions have been enacted to require that all bedding, including retentivity foam items, be resistant to ignition from an open flame such equally a candle or cigarette lighter. Us bedding laws that went into effect in 2010 alter the Cal-117 Message for FR testing.^[fourteen]

There is business that high levels of the fire retardant PBDE, commonly used in memory foam, could crusade health problems for users.^[15] PBDEs are no longer used in virtually bedding foams, particularly in the European Union.

Manufacturers circumspection most leaving babies and small children unattended on memory foam mattresses, every bit they may observe it difficult to turn over, and may suffocate.^[12]

The United States Environmental Protection Agency published 2 documents proposing National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAP) concerning hazardous emissions produced during the making of flexible polyurethane cream products.^[sixteen] The HAP emissions associated with polyurethane cream production include methylene chloride, toluene diisocyanate, methyl chloroform, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, propylene oxide, diethanolamine, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, and toluene. However, not all chemic emissions associated with the production of these material have been classified. Methylene chloride makes up over 98 percentage of the total HAP emissions from this industry. Short-term exposure to high concentrations of methylene chloride besides irritates the nose and throat. The furnishings of chronic (long-term) exposure to methylene chloride in humans involve the central nervous arrangement, and include headaches, dizziness, nausea, and retentiveness loss. Creature studies point that inhalation of methylene chloride affects the liver, kidney, and cardiovascular organisation. Developmental or reproductive effects of methylene chloride take non been reported in humans, but limited fauna studies have reported lowered fetal body weights in rats exposed.^[17]

Run into also [edit]

• Low-resilience polyurethane
• Sorbothane
• Neoprene
• List of polyurethane applications

References [edit]

1. ^ Nelles, Barbara. "Exhibitors emphasize value pricing in Vegas Cream trends, adjustables and top-of-bed also brand news Archived 2014-02-03 at the Wayback Machine." BedTimes Magazine. Nov 2009. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
2. ^ ^{a b} Krebs, Michael. "The Adjustment of Physical Properties of Viscoelastic Cream – the Role of Unlike Raw Materials" (PDF). pu-additives.com . Retrieved 21 May 2020.
3. ^ Landers, R. "The Importance of Cell Structure for Viscoelastic Foams" (PDF). pu-additives.com . Retrieved 21 May 2020.
4. ^ Scarfato, Paola; Di Maio, Luciano; Incarnato, Loredana (16 October 2016). "Construction and physical-mechanical backdrop related to comfort of flexible polyurethane foams for mattress and effects of artificial weathering". Composites Part B. 109: 45–52. doi:x.1016/j.compositesb.2016.10.041.
5. ^ ^{a b} "spinoff 2005-Forty-Year-Old Foam Springs Dorsum With New Benefits". nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 20 March 2009.
6. ^ ""8 spin-offs from space" Article from Cosmos Mag". The Healthy Foundations Blog. Archived from the original on 2014-02-01. Retrieved 2014-01-25 .
7. ^ Peterson, Bruce W. "Mr". Polyurethane Gel-Similar Polymers, Methods and Apply in Flexible Foams. Archived from the original on 2014-04-19. Retrieved 2014-04-eighteen .
8. ^ Santo, Loredana; Bellisario, Denise; Quadrini, Fabrizio (25 January 2018). "Shape Memory Behavior of PET Foams". Polymers. 10 (115): 115. doi:x.3390/polym10020115. PMC6415055. PMID 30966151.
9. ^ "Polyurethane Cream Association". pfa.org. Archived from the original on 2010-01-04. Retrieved 2010-01-15 .
10. ^ Strand, Andrea. "Retention Foam Mattresses Guide For Side Sleepers". Retrieved 17 August 2018.
11. ^ Annie Stuart (2010-02-08). "Memory Foam Mattresses: Benefits and Disadvantages". WebMD.
12. ^ ^{a b} Laurie Brenner. "Retention Cream Dangers". SFGATE (website of the San Francisco Chronicle) . Retrieved thirteen May 2019.
13. ^ "Is Retentiveness-Foam Bedding a Burn Risk?". Archived from the original on 2015-07-26. Retrieved 2015-09-09 .
14. ^ "Federal Mattress Standard - Bureau of Habitation Furnishing and Thermal Insulation". ca.gov. Archived from the original on 2008-09-xvi.
15. ^ Arlene Blum The Fire Retardant Dilemma Archived 2009-06-05 at the Wayback Motorcar. Science. 12 Oct 2007: 194b-195b.
16. ^ Federal Register / Vol. 61, No. 250 / Friday, December 27, 1996 / Proposed Dominion: Environmental Protection Agency Archived January nine, 2012, at the Wayback Machine and Ecology Protection Agency Archived 2012-01-09 at the Wayback Auto Federal Register / Vol. 63, No. 194 /Wednesday, October 7, 1998 /Rules and Regulations
17. ^ Environmental Protection Bureau Archived 2012-01-09 at the Wayback Machine Federal Register / Vol. 63, No. 194 /Wednesday, October 7, 1998 /Rules and Regulations

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_foam

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