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â€å“brothers Share Wife to Secure Family Land.ã¢â‚¬â "Natural History"

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Mating organization in which the female partner may have multiple partners

This article is near polyandrous marriage practices. For polyandrous animal mating, see polyandry in nature.

Polyandry (; from Greek: πολυ- poly-, "many" and ἀνήρ anēr, "man") is a form of polygamy in which a woman takes 2 or more husbands at the same fourth dimension. Polyandry is contrasted with polygyny, involving ane male and ii or more females. If a matrimony involves a plural number of "husbands and wives" participants of each gender, then it tin be called polygamy,[1] grouping or conjoint matrimony.[2] In its broadest utilise, polyandry refers to sexual relations with multiple males within or without union.

Of the ane,231 societies listed in the 1980 Ethnographic Atlas, 186 were constitute to exist monogamous; 453 had occasional polygyny; 588 had more than frequent polygyny; and four had polyandry.[3] Polyandry is less rare than this figure suggests, as it considered only those examples found in the Himalayan mountains (28 societies). More recent studies have found more than than l other societies practicing polyandry.[4]

Congenial polyandry is practiced among Tibetans in Nepal and parts of Mainland china, in which two or more brothers are married to the aforementioned wife, with the wife having equal "sexual access" to them.[v] [6] Information technology is associated with partible paternity, the cultural belief that a child tin can have more than ane father.[iv] Several ethnic groups practicing polyandry in Bharat identify their customs with their descent from Draupadi, a central character of the Mahabharta who was married to five brothers, although local practices may non be fraternal themselves.

Polyandry is believed to be more than likely in societies with scarce environmental resources. It is believed to limit homo population growth and enhance child survival.[6] [7] It is a rare form of marriage that exists not only among peasant families but as well among the elite families.[viii] For example, polyandry in the Himalayan mountains is related to the scarcity of land. The marriage of all brothers in a family to the aforementioned wife allows family land to remain intact and undivided. If every brother married separately and had children, family unit state would be carve up into unsustainable minor plots. In contrast, very poor persons not owning land were less probable to practise polyandry in Buddhist Ladakh and Zanskar.[6] In Europe, the splitting up of land was prevented through the social practice of impartible inheritance. With virtually siblings disinherited, many of them became celibate monks and priests.[ix]

Polyandrous mating systems are as well a common phenomenon in the brute kingdom.

Types [edit]

Successional polyandry [edit]

Dissimilar fraternal polyandry where a adult female will receive a number of husbands simultaneously, a adult female will acquire one husband afterward another in sequence.

This form is flexible. These men may or may not be related. And it may or may not incorporate a hierarchical organisation, where one husband is considered principal and may be allotted certain rights or privileges not awarded to secondary husbands, such as biologically fathering a child.

In this particular arrangement, the secondary husbands accept the power to succeed the master if he were to get severely sick or be abroad from the home for a long menses of fourth dimension or is otherwise rendered incapable of fulfilling his husbandly duties.

Successional polyandry tin can too be egalitarian, where all husbands are equal in status and receive the same rights and privileges. In this organisation, each husband will have a wedding and share the paternity of any children she may bear.

Other Classifications: Secondary

Associated polyandry [edit]

Another class of polyandry is a combination of polyandry and polygyny; whereas women are married to several men simultaneously and the same men may marry other women. It is establish in some tribes of native Africa too as villages in northern Nigeria and the northern Cameroons. Usually, 1 of the adult female's husbands will be chosen to be the husband of a woman from some other tribe who would besides accept many husbands; this double-polyandrous union serves to class a marital brotherhood between tribes.

Other Classifications: Equal polygamy, Polygynandry

The system results in less land fragmentation, and a diversification of domestic activities.

Fraternal polyandry [edit]

Fraternal polyandry (from the Latin frater—blood brother), besides called adelphic polyandry (from the Greek ἀδελφός —brother), is a course of polyandry in which a woman is married to ii or more men who are brothers. Fraternal polyandry was (and sometimes still is) found in certain areas of Tibet, Nepal, and Northern India, central African cultures[10] where polyandry was accepted every bit a social practice.[6] [11] The Toda people of southern Bharat practice congenial polyandry, but monogamy has become prevalent recently.[12] In contemporary Hindu society, polyandrous marriages in agrarian societies in the Malwa region of Punjab seem to occur to avoid partition of farming land.[thirteen]

Fraternal polyandry achieves a similar goal to that of primogeniture in 19th-century England. Primogeniture dictated that the eldest son inherited the family manor, while younger sons had to get out home and seek their own employment. Primogeniture maintained family unit estates intact over generations by permitting only ane heir per generation. Fraternal polyandry likewise accomplishes this, merely does and so by keeping all the brothers together with just one wife then that there is merely 1 set of heirs per generation.[fourteen] This strategy appears less successful the larger the fraternal sibling group is.[xv]

Some forms of polyandry announced to be associated with a perceived need to retain aloof titles or agricultural lands inside kin groups, and/or considering of the frequent absence, for long periods, of a human from the household. In Tibet the do was particularly popular among the priestly Sakya class.

The female equivalent of fraternal polyandry is sororate matrimony.

Partible paternity [edit]

Anthropologist Stephen Beckerman points out that at least 20 tribal societies accept that a child could, and ideally should, have more than than one male parent, referring to it as "partible paternity".[sixteen] This oft results in the shared nurture of a child past multiple fathers in a form of polyandric relation to the female parent, although this is not always the case.[17] One of the most well known examples is that of Trobriand "virgin nativity". The matrilineal Trobriand Islanders recognize the importance of sex in reproduction but do non believe the male makes a contribution to the constitution of the child, who therefore remains fastened to their mother'south lineage alone. The mother'south non-resident husbands are not recognized as fathers, although the mother's co-resident brothers are, since they are part of the mother's lineage.

Civilization [edit]

According to inscriptions describing the reforms of the Sumerian king Urukagina of Lagash (ca. 2300 BC), the earlier custom of polyandry in his country was abolished, on pain of the woman taking multiple husbands being stoned with stones upon which her crime was written.[eighteen]

An farthermost gender imbalance has been suggested equally a justification for polyandry. For example, the selective abortion of female person children in Republic of india has led to a significant margin in sex ratio and, it has been suggested, results in related men "sharing" a wife.[19]

Known cases [edit]

Polyandry in Tibet was a mutual do and continues to a bottom extent today. A survey of 753 Tibetan families by Tibet Academy in 1988 institute that xiii% practiced polyandry.[20] Polyandry in India still exists amidst minorities, and also in Bhutan, and the northern parts of Nepal. Polyandry has been practised in several parts of India, such as Rajasthan, Ladakh and Zanskar, in the Jaunsar-Bawar region in Uttarakhand, amongst the Toda of South Bharat.[6] [21]

It besides occurs or has occurred in Nigeria, the Nymba,[21] [ clarification needed ] Irigwe [22] and some pre-contact Polynesian societies,[23]though probably but amidst higher caste women.[24] It is as well encountered in some regions of Yunnan and Sichuan regions of China, among the Mosuo people in People's republic of china (who also practice polygyny besides), and in some sub-Saharan African such as the Maasai people in Kenya and northern Tanzania[25] and American ethnic communities. The Guanches, the start known inhabitants of the Canary Islands, good polyandry until their disappearance.[26] The Zo'e tribe in the land of Pará on the Cuminapanema River, Brazil, also practise polyandry.[27]

Africa [edit]

  • In the Lake Region of Central Africa, "Polygyny ... was uncommon. Polyandry, on the other hand, was quite common."[28]
  • Among the Irigwe of Northern Nigeria, women have traditionally acquired numerous spouses called "co-husbands".
  • In August 2013, two Kenyan men entered into an agreement to marry a woman with whom they had both been having an thing. Kenyan law does not explicitly forbid polyandry, although information technology is not a common custom.[29]

Asia [edit]

  • In the reign of Urukagina of Lagash, "Dyandry, the marriage of ane woman to two men, is abolished."[xxx]
  • M. Notovitck mentioned polyandry in Ladakh or Piffling 'Tibet' in his tape of his journey to Tibet. ("The Unknown life of Jesus Christ" past Virchand Gandhi).
  • Polyandry was widely (and to some extent still is) practised in Lahaul-Spiti situated in isolation in the high Himalayas in India.
  • In Arabia (southern) "All the kindred accept their property in mutual ...; all have i married woman" whom they share.[31]
  • The Hoa-tun (Hephthalites, White Huns) "living to the n of the Great Wall ... skillful polyandry."[32] Amongst the Hephthalites, "the do of several husbands to ane wife, or polyandry, was ever the rule, which is agreed on by all commentators. That this was plain was evidenced by the custom amongst the women of wearing a hat containing a number of horns, one for each of the subsequent husbands, all of whom were also brothers to the husband. Indeed, if a husband had no natural brothers, he would prefer some other man to be his brother and then that he would exist allowed to marry."[33]
  • "Polyandry is very widespread among the Sherpas."[34]
  • In Bhutan in 1914, polyandry was "the prevailing domestic custom".[35] Nowadays polyandry is rare, but withal found for example among the Brokpas of the Merak-Sakten region.[36]
  • In several villages in Nyarixung Township, Xigaze, Tibet, up to 90% of families skillful polyandry in 2008.[37]
  • Among the Gilyaks of Saghalien Island "polyandry is also adept."[38]
  • Fraternal polyandry was permitted in Sri Lanka under Kandyan Marriage law, frequently described using the euphemism eka-ge-kama (literally "eating in one house").[39] [ disputed – discuss ] Associated Polyandry, or polyandry that begins every bit monogamy, with the 2d husband entering the relationship afterward, is as well practiced[40] and is sometimes initiated by the married woman.[41]
  • Polyandry was mutual in Sri Lanka, until it was banned by the British in 1859.[ citation needed ]

Europe [edit]

Sepulcral inscription for Allia Potestas, Museo Epigrafico, Terme di Diocleziano, Rome

  • Reporting on the mating patterns in ancient Hellenic republic, specifically Sparta, Plutarch writes: "Thus if an older man with a immature wife should take a liking to 1 of the well-bred young men and approve of him, he might well introduce him to her so every bit to fill her with noble sperm and then adopt the kid as his ain. Conversely a respectable man who admired someone else'southward wife noted for her lovely children and her good sense, might proceeds the married man's permission to sleep with her thereby planting in fruitful soil, and so to speak, and producing fine children who would be linked to fine ancestors by blood and family."[42]
  • "According to Julius Caesar, it was customary among the ancient Britons for brothers, and sometimes for fathers and sons, to take their wives in common."[43]
  • "Polyandry prevailed amid the Lacedaemonians co-ordinate to Polybius."[44] (Polybius vii.7.732, following Timæus)[45]
  • "The matrons of Rome flocked in great crowds to the Senate, begging with tears and entreaties that one woman should be married to two men."[46]
  • The gravestone of Allia Potestas, a adult female from Perusia, describes how she lived peacefully with two lovers, 1 of whom immortalized her in this famous epigraphic eulogy, dating (probably) from the second century.[47]

North America [edit]

  • Aleut people in the 19th century.[48]
  • During the most abusive times of the slave economy in Saint-Domingue during the Haitian Revolution, bloodshed was so loftier that women practised polyandry.
  • Inuit[49]

Oceania [edit]

  • Among the Kanak of New Caledonia, "every woman is the property of several husbands. It is this drove of husbands, having i wife in mutual, that...live together in a hut, with their mutual wife."[50]
  • Marquesans had "a guild in which households were polyandrous".[51]
  • Friedrich Ratzel in The History of Mankind [52] reported in 1896 that in the New Hebrides there was a kind of convention in cases of widowhood, that 2 widowers shall live with 1 widow.

S America [edit]

  • "The Bororos ... amongst them...there are too cases of polyandry."[53]
  • "The Tupi-Kawahib likewise practise fraternal polyandry."[54]
  • "...upwards to lxx percent of Amazonian cultures may accept believed in the principle of multiple paternity"[55]
  • Mapuche polyandry is rare but not unheard of.[56] The men are often brothers.[56]

Religious attitudes [edit]

Hinduism [edit]

There is at least i reference to polyandry in the ancient Hindu epic Mahabharata. Draupadi married the five Pandava brothers, equally this is what she chose in a previous life. This aboriginal text remains largely neutral to the concept of polyandry, accepting this equally her way of life.[57] However, in the aforementioned ballsy, when questioned by Kunti to requite an example of polyandry, Yudhishthira cites Gautam-clan Jatila (married to seven Saptarishis) and Hiranyaksha'southward sis Pracheti (married to ten brothers), thereby implying a more than open attitude toward polyandry in Vedic club.[58]

Judaism [edit]

The Hebrew Bible contains no examples of women married to more than i man,[59] [60] only its description of adultery clearly implies that polyandry is unacceptable[61] [62] and the practice is unknown in Jewish tradition.[63] [64] In addition, the children from other than the first hubby are considered illegitimate (i.due east., mamzers), unless he has already divorced her or died,[65] being a product of an adulterous human relationship.

Christianity [edit]

Most Christian denominations in the Western world strongly advocate monogamous marriage, and a passage from the Pauline epistles[66] can exist interpreted as forbidding polyandry.

Latter-Solar day Saints [edit]

Joseph Smith and Brigham Immature, and other early Latter-twenty-four hour period Saints, proficient polygamous marriages with several women who were already married to other men. The practice was officially concluded with the 1890 Manifesto. Polyandrous marriages did exist, admitting in significantly less numbers, in early LDS history.[67] [68]

Islam [edit]

Although Islamic marital law allows men to take up to four wives, polyandry is not allowed in Islam.[69] [70]

Polyandrous marriages were practiced in pre-Islamic Arabian cultures, but were outlawed during the ascent of Islam. Nikah Ijtimah was a pagan tradition of polyandry in older Arab regions which was condemned and abolished during the rising of Islam.[69] [71]

In biological science [edit]

Polyandrous beliefs exists in the animate being kingdom, occurring for instance in certain insects, fish, birds, and mammals.

Come across also [edit]

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

  • Levine, Nancy, The Dynamics of Polyandry: Kinship, domesticity and population on the Tibetan edge, Chicago: University of Chicago Printing, 1988. ISBN 0-226-47569-7, ISBN 978-0-226-47569-ane
  • Peter, Prince of Greece, A Study of Polyandry, The Hague, Mouton, 1963.
  • Beall, Cynthia M.; Goldstein, Melvyn C. (1981). "Tibetan Fraternal Polyandry: A Test of Sociobiological Theory". American Anthropologist. 83 (1): 898–901. doi:10.1525/aa.1982.84.4.02a00170.
  • Gielen, U. P. (1993). Gender Roles in traditional Tibetan cultures. In Fifty. Fifty. Adler (Ed.), International handbook on gender roles (pp. 413–437). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
  • Goldstein, G. C. (1971). "Stratification, Polyandry, and Family Structure in Central Tibet". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 27 (1): 64–74. doi:x.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185. JSTOR 3629185. S2CID 146900571.
  • Crook, J., & Crook, S. 1994. "Explaining Tibetan polyandry: Socio-cultural, demographic, and biological perspectives". In J. Cheat, & H. Osmaston (Eds.), Himayalan Buddhist Villages (pp. 735–786). Bristol, UK: University of Bristol.
  • Goldstein, Chiliad. C. (1971). "Stratification, Polyandry, and Family Structure in Central Tibet". Southwestern Journal of Anthropology. 27 (1): 64–74. doi:ten.1086/soutjanth.27.1.3629185. JSTOR 3629185. S2CID 146900571.
  • Goldstein, M. C. (1976). "Fraternal Polyandry and Fertility in a High Himalayan Valley in Northwest Nepal". Human Ecology. 4 (3): 223–233. doi:10.1007/bf01534287. JSTOR 4602366. S2CID 153817518.
  • Lodé, Thierry (2006) La Guerre des sexes chez les animaux. Paris: Eds O. Jacob. ISBN two-7381-1901-viii
  • Smith, Eric Alden (1998). "Is Tibetan polyandry adaptive?" (PDF). Human Nature. 9 (iii): 225–261. doi:10.1007/s12110-998-1004-3. PMID 26197483. S2CID 3022928.
  • Trevithick, Alan (1997). "On a Panhuman Preference for Monandry: Is Polyandry an Exception?". Journal of Comparative Family Studies. 28 (3): 154–81.

External links [edit]

  • "Polyandry". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.
  • Another example for polyandry in India

bakerjusid1985.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyandry

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